The international consensus and standards of science and technology have always been the focus of attention in science and technology diplomacy, whares historians rarely conduct research on them. This article takes the international negotiations on synthetic biology in the 20th century as a space for diplomatic contact, investigates the practical cases of Asian countries in synthetic biology governance, and combines scientific and technological diplomacy to deeply explore the generation logic and action program of global consensus on synthetic biology governance. It examines the international standards of synthetic biology governance and the formation of a cohesive international consensus. In the cases, the dialogue practice between Asian and international scientists on ethical review and governance mechanisms in the field of synthetic biology will also be analyzed, in order to clarify the decisive elements of international consensus and standards for synthetic biology governance. This article will demonstrate how the art of negotiating international consensus and standards can expand research on the current history of science and technology diplomacy.

The acute tensions between cybernetics, automated technologies, and authoritarian politics during the Cold War era has emerged as a focal point for scholarly inquiry. Prior research has dissected the technological practices within the ideological battles of cybernetics in the former Soviet Union and North Korea, yet there remains a significant gap in the literature regarding China's narrative during this period. Commencing in the 1950s, China designated automation technology as a national priority, aggressively advancing its development. However, during the 1970s, as the global shift towards artificial intelligence within automation technology gained momentum, China exhibited a repressive stance towards artificial intelligence and robotics that were integrated with cybernetic principles. In a pivotal turn at the close of the 1970s, China abandoned its political constraints on robotics, incrementally incorporating it into strategic development initiatives, culminating in its designation as a key national strategic technology priority in 1986. This signifies China's adoption of an adaptive trajectory, informed by the developmental paths of robotics in the United States, Japan, and the Soviet Union. This paper seeks to elucidate China's role within the global landscape of robotics technology as it emerged during the late 1970s and early 1980s, to analyze the influence of external resources on China's overarching decisions and trajectory in robotics development, and to explore the construction of a compelling technological narrative within a context of contested ideologies.

This study examines Singapore's BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination campaign and its vaccination diplomacy across Southeast Asia, circa 1960s-early. The success of BCG vaccination campaign is attributed to collaborative efforts amongst the Singapore Anti-Tuberculosis Association (SATA), the Singaporean government, UNICEF. This research investigates two aspects: firstly, SATA's instrumental role in Singapore's vaccination campaign and its partnership with UNICEF in implementing the BCG programme; secondly, Singapore's deployment of science diplomacy initiatives during this period.

The research analyses the transformation from SATA's non-governmental vaccination campaign to a state-directed UNICEF programme, which commenced in 1951 summer. The 1960s marked SATA's crucial involvement in the government-led BCG vaccination programme for schoolchildren, operating under UNICEF's auspices.

The study then identifies three dimensions of Singapore's BCG vaccination campaign as its science diplomacy: technical collaboration, institutional leadership, and regional partnerships across Southeast Asia. The Singaporean government fostered cooperation with SATA, WHO technical advisers, and UNICEF support networks to establish comprehensive vaccination infrastructure through international knowledge transfer. Beyond technical collaboration, the cultural adaptation in Southeast Asia is also noteworthy.

The cultural adaptation of health communications to Southeast Asian nations demonstrated sophisticated science diplomacy, effectively accommodating diverse ethnic communities and religious sensitivities. As a result, this approach demonstrated health communication strategies that effectively accommodate diverse ethnic communities and religious sensitivities. Through examining archival materials and institutional records, this research illuminates the diplomatic advantages derived from the BCG vaccination programme. It ultimately states Singapore’s effective science diplomacy had transcended public health outcomes to strengthen Singapore's influence in regional Southeast Asian cooperation.