The moon, pivotal for humanity's leap into deep space, has sparked ceaseless curiosity and aspirations. From 1959 to 1976, the US and the Soviet Union spearheaded lunar exploration with iconic missions like the Soviet "Luna" and American "Apollo" programs.Since the 1990s, lunar exploration has reached a new wave globally, among which China's Chang'e series of probes has become a particularly notable representative.
The Chinese government views deep space exploration as an important national strategy, especially after it was rejected to joined the construction of the International Space Station in 1990s. Although missed the Global First Lunar Exploration Surge, Chinese scientists and engineers have demonstrated great determination in lunar exploration. Through continuous innovation and endeavour since the launch of the lunar exploration project in 2004, China has become comparable to that of European and the U.S. and even leads in some areas. The Chang'e series have successively achieved tasks such as lunar orbiting, roving and landing, providing valuable scientific data and achievements. Between 2007 and 2013, Chang'e-1, 2 and 3 were launched; in 2019, Chang'e-4 landed on the far side of the moon. In 2020 and 2024, the Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-5 separately5 and 6 respectively carried out bring samples back to Earth from the front and back of the moon.
This study will reconstruct the decision-making, goals, and organizational management models of China's lunar exploration project from the perspective of international comparison, according to historical stages, in order to explore the motivation and the driving mechanism of China's lunar exploration project.

This paper traces the experiences of about a dozen Chinese students/scientists who studied with the aerodynamicist Theodore von Kármán at the California Institute of Technology in the 1930s and 1940s. This special group provides an early instance of a situation that has attracted significant scholarly attention since the 1960s—educational migration of highly talented individuals and the difficult choices those individuals faced when they decided to stay abroad or to return home. This study deepens the scholarship on ‘study abroad motivation’ for international students and the push–pull factors related to returning to their homeland or staying abroad. Kármán tried to support his students’ decisions whatever they were, without putting pressure on their decision to stay or to return. The thinking of the students was inevitably affected by changes in Sino–US relations and changes in US policy. All struggled to meet their obligation to homeland, family expectations, and senses of personal honour against the advanced academic environment they had enjoyed. The stability of America’s peaceful society and improved material standards of living compared with China made this a difficult decision. Different people balanced these competing demands differently. The key was how they decided to take advantage—or not—of the new circumstances.

This proposal delves into the global circulation of scientific knowledge from the 19th to the 20th century, highlighting how science popularization was shaped by geopolitical forces and its relationship with the burgeoning field of space exploration.
The connection with popular culture has a rich and diverse history that can be traced back to the early 20th century, with the emergence of science fiction novels. This genre has been instrumental in shaping people's imagination of the future of humanity, and with the advent of comics in the 1950s, the portrayal of space exploration became even more vivid and relatable.
In the context of the Cold War period, comics played a crucial role in reflecting the geopolitical tensions of the time, with "Tintin: Objective Moon and Men on the Moon" being a prominent example of a two-part comic that depicted the space race as an adventurous and spy-filled mission.
As American culture spread across Western Europe, comics became a popular medium for communicating stories shared, understood, and participated in by entire societies, offering a fascinating historical analysis of the evolution of space exploration, with the authors taking certain narrative liberties while providing an overview of the social reception of this crucial geopolitical theme.
The history of space exploration conveyed through popular communication is a testament to how it has influenced the reception of this significant historical message by large public sections, especially young people. This methodology of Public History has helped convey and even shape the understanding of this important historical theme